Peacekeeping duties and authority -- Neglect of duty. #JCF #DC #DistrictConstable #PoliceForce #JamaicanPoliceLike. Although any registered voter may run for the office, many constables are former federal, state, county and/or local law enforcement officers. In others, it refers to a specific assignment for certain law enforcement officers. Look at each constibles "jurisdiction" they do not have the legal authority in the county! Not over the Sheriff of the entire county!!! your own Pins on Pinterest auto 8 14%. 29, § 15; Acts 1848, §§ 2-4, p. 36; C. & M. Comment. He previously worked out of #2 District where he served Richmond Hill. As a matter of fact there are several Attorney general Opinions on the subject that state the Sheriff and Constable have the exact same powers, which is why a person can hold both offices at once if he chooses.the system was designed to be a checks and balance system like every branch of our government.make no mistake, a Constable can arrest the Sheriff or his deputy if necessary, so be careful which Constable you piss off.This is the reason that the Sheriff"s Associateion has fought Constables at every turn, because the position of Constable is a challenge to the Sheriff's power. Constables shall obey all lawful orders and execute all judgments for Justice Courts within this district. Some constables are certified, which includes training, and some are not. In most cases, there are no more than one constable and one deputy in a given precinct. Constable Nina Barton went back to Bay of Plenty District, where she is now posted, and has been praised for her policing skills there. I have yet to see a constable clad in such a manner as described. Uniform Constable through Sergeant. He is survived by his wife Melissa, a Records Validator with York Regional Police, and his two small children, Meredith and Nolan. I agree with the recognition issues, and they should be dressed neatly with the proper identification easily seen by anyone. The uniform comprises a pair of boots, shirts, pants, and crest. SAPS fires police constable caught on video drunk and in uniform. Send Email Sheriff departments. In the alleged police encounter of the full-blown tragedy that took place late Tuesday evening in Kasganj district of Uttar Pradesh, the other accused are still absconding. “There are 700 constables in the state. in no part of this is there mention of a Constable reporting to a Sheriff. Mike Beebe in April 2007, constables were not required to have training or wear uniforms. A sheriff in Arkansas is also an elected official and is not required to have any law-enforcement training or background. Blue/black serge trousers with red stripes down each seam, worn with either a white and blue striped short-sleeved shirt. 12, §§ 1, 2; A.S.A. "Super Cool Constable Stuff" Proudly Serving. The Tennessee Constable Association (TCA) was chartered June 17, 1976 with Frank Lax from Madison County as the first President. “The constable does not have to answer to the sheriff.”. Shelby County Constable 3rd District Kentucky constables are classified as peace officers and have the same law enforcement powers as Sheriffs, Coroners, and Jailers, including powers to arrest and authority to serve county processes, they may execute warrants. Visit them at www.cji.edu to register for this important training. Executing and returning writs of possession or restitution (evictions); Serving orders of protection or orders prohibiting harassment; Serving civil and criminal summons and subpoenas; Providing judicial security to the justice courts; Levying and returning writs of execution (seizing property to satisfy judgments); Storing personal property that has been levied; and, Conducting constable sales of levied property (like sheriff's sales). Please remember, these people are not paid officers, nor do they maintain a certain shift as the paid officers. I have known constables to be arrested for patrolling outside their townships and made the mistake of stopping a deputy. District Constables are paid $61,000 monthly [dubious – discuss]. The current strength of the DC is 1, Get Started Once you have decided that being a Police Officer is the profession for you; ensure you have met all the requirements. Blount said that to become certified, a constable must have a minimum of 120 hours of training, which includes instruction in fire arms, domestic violence and racial profiling. If I am mistaken on any part of this, I would like to see the statute which grants a constable the same authority as a sheriff but I am sure it doesn't exist. Share this text: Share Tweet Share Share Share Email Share. other 16 433%. 'Constables' are generally paid, full time officers. Give them the respect of their office, if they so deserve, and weed out the bad apples. “Some counties pay them $1 per year, some counties pay them nothing, and some pay a little more,” Oaks said. TPDCO District Constable Recruiting. No law enforcement officer has more legal authority than the elected Sheriff! After all, they are on call 24/7 and don't always have the time it takes to get all dressed up for an emergency call. Britain’s first official red light district has backfired with kerb crawlers harassing children, a report has found.. But, remember this is a non-paid elected office for the benefit of the citizens. We would be glad to let them handle things. About half an hour later the Constable was found in a critical condition in a wheat field. The state police are an assisting agency only and has less authority than any Sheriff, sheriff's deputy, constable, or municipal officer in his/her city. The new law provides for training standards, a statewide standard uniform and identification. This is a non-paid position of elected persons who are an asset to the county, their community, and save the taxpayers thousands yearly. There are a lot of simple people who fit this position without all of the necessary requirements set forth. County Constables shall keep and preserve the peace within his county by aiding and assisting in executing the criminal laws of the state for the Justice Courts of his district. Who in there right mind, in these days, would abide by an unknown man in a blue truck, with lights easily purchased online? In some places it is a title or a rank in law enforcement. All rights reserved. If you wish to file a complaint against a constable, please fill out our Online Complaint Form or print... Notice is hereby given pursuant to A.R.S. Not me! Here, she is presented with a special award by Inspector Dahlia Garrick of the Motorised Patrol Division during the graduation ceremony at the Elletson Road Police Complex.- Ian Allen/Photographer The officer did not have his uniform on when found. District constable application form download. "Fresh pursuit" as used in this section shall not necessarily imply instant pursuit, but pursuit without unreasonable delay. Duties included enforcing all state criminal laws and traffic codes. “In the district, the sheriff and constable have the same authority,” Blount said. “A person can hold the office without being certified, but he has limited authority [without certification],” Blount said. 14. Constable Styles served the communities of Newmarket, Aurora, East Gwillimbury and King Township as a member of #1 District uniform patrol. District Constable Denisha James (right) created history in the Jamaica Constabulary Force on Friday when she became the first Force DC motorcycle rider. #Metropolitan #Police, #Staines, 1935. I know and respect my local sheriffs deputies( Union County) i do not have any way of know who is or not a "constable" here. As a resident of Arkansas, not having a constable with a recognized form of ID, such as a uniform and/ or Badge and ID, is a recipe for disaster. Ofrm from ” https: They are dressed in light blue blouse female and light blue shirt male with Jamaica Constabulary, District Constable crest and dark blue skirt female and dark blue pants male. District Constable Denisha James (right) created history in the Jamaica Constabulary Force on Friday when she became the first Force DC motorcycle rider. I know officers that wear jeans & tee shirts, but are not any less recognized by their attire. The Constable Ethics, Standards & Training Board is pleased to announce the availability of grant funding for Equipment and Training. A constible may have some "power" in the locality he was elected! Those constables with certification have the authority to make traffic stops, arrest people and keep the peace in their townships. They are worn on the left arm to indicate that they were on duty (withdrawn July 1968). Recruitment – The United District Constables Association. The position of constable is a constitutional office, and there are no specific requirements. 23696 - Attested: 15-Aug-1975 - b. Arkansas Constable Association. The district also has five school resource officers, as well as substitute constables who can step in if one is sick or on leave. Prior to Act 841 being signed into law by Gov. Like justices of the peace, constables are elected by the people of their local precincts to serve four-year terms. Police Constable , 09/2009 to 01/2013 Ministry of national security – 5 Oxford road, North tower plaza, Kingston 11 , Jamaica Station Guard, Mobile patrols and Special Operations duty Although constables are elected officials, most are not paid salaries, so the county and city budgets don’t take the hit for the additional law enforcement. Multiply that by $30,000 (the average annual salary of a law-enforcement officer), and that doesn’t include uniforms or training.”. Its goal was to preserve the office of constable across Tennessee. Stat., ch. The state police can investigate corruptness in another agency due to the need of an outside agency to do the investigation. HISTORY: Rev. Application forms may be found on disyrict Jamaica Constabulary Force’s website, or at any of the four recruitment centres islandwide. But there is no one that can arrest a sheriff or deputy without a warrant. Training, uniforms, equipment and all other expenses are paid for from the individual constable’s pockets. Constables and their deputies are the executive enforcement branch of the county justice courts. Dig., §§ 1448-1451; Pope's Dig., §§ 1749-1752; Acts 1941, No. Prior to Act 841 being signed into law by Gov. If they do not...get rid of them, but don't require such outlandish guidelines for our dedicated services. South Carolina State Constables & Law Enforcement Officers. § 7142. Copyright © 2021, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Inc. The Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) is recruiting individuals to be trained as District Constables to be placed in the Tourist Resort areas of: constable uniform or attire when performing official duties such as courtroom security, day or night court, transporting defendant for hearing, unless the wearing of an approved constable uniform or attire would substantially hinder or affect the constable’s ability to perform official duties in … Due to the nature of their work, there can be some confusion among members of the public as to whether they really are qualified peace officers. We serve, we protect, we reassure with courtesy, integrity and proper respect for the rights of all. Depending on a precinct's caseload and if they have the approval of their county board of supervisors, a constable may appoint deputies and a staff. The Caesar Rodney School District is partnered with Kelly Education, a leading provider of substitute teachers to school districts across the U.S. Kelly Education manages our sub pool and is a trusted partner to over 8,600 schools nationwide.Kelly substitutes provide learning continuity in the classroom when permanent teachers are absent. Reply to Channik . Finding jobs for Jamaicans Consulting Agency. “It costs about $50,000 to hire and train a deputy or police officer,” Oaks said. However, in Arizona, a constable is an officer of the county justice courts. Constables shall obey all lawful orders and execute all judgments for Justice Courts within this district. On the website, Rector looks very much the professional police officer, with a uniform including tan shirt, dark tie (neatly tucked in), badge, “constable” shoulder patch (which can be purchased online for $3.50), nameplate and a “campaign hat” of the sort worn by Kentucky State Police and other law enforcement agencies. Jamaican Jobs Online Regional Website. Members of the District Constable Association have expressed concerns that they are being asked to pay $16,000 for their uniforms. The office of constable is enshrined in Kentucky’s 1850 constitution, with the meager requirements for office contained in state law: A candidate for constable must be at least 24 years old, a resident of the state for two years and of the district for 12 months. If they do not comply to the expectations of their electors, then they should be reported and/or ousted from their positions. (c) Nothing in subsection (a) or subsection (b) of this section shall be construed to deprive a constable of authority to serve warrants, summons, writs, and other process as provided by law. The uniform comprises a pair of boots, shirts, pants, and crest. District constable Howard, who was attached to the Transport and Maintenance Management Division, served the JCF for more than four years. “Counties are not required to supply office space, either.”. Light khaki jacket, shirt and trousers, with epaulettes on the shoulders. 21-Oct-1953 Lomagundi District) Constable - Duty Uniform: KOPD - road traffic accident; 14-Aug-1977; Chipinga District, Rhodesia - … As a newly elected constable, and lifetime Arkansan, the measures taken to require constables to wear such extensively detailed uniforms, including a tie seem to be a bit much. That’s where reserve officers and constables come in. A special constable or special police constable (SC or SPC) is generally an auxiliary or part-time law enforcement officer.. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. So therefore, there is no one with more authority than a sheriff or his/her deputies. 1947, §§ 26-210 -- 26-213. After a crash on a state highway and during a careful examination of the wider scene, Nina located a loaded pump-action shotgun and cannabis hidden in long grass, and so prevented them from being picked up later by one of the people involved in the crash. A decent man or woman can present themselves properly without such drastic uniform requirements. Uniform: Sergeants and Constables are issued with gloves (white for summer, black worsted for winter). Associated Press text, photo, graphic, audio and/or video material shall not be published, broadcast, rewritten for broadcast or publication or redistributed directly or indirectly in any medium. Police Uniforms. Constable District Uniform Support Team: $137,493: 2019: Walter Trulsen : Regional Municipality Of Halton: Constable District Uniform Support Team: $108,102: 2019: Christine Mckenzie : Regional Municipality Of Halton: Constable District Uniform Support Team ARKANSAS — Many areas of Arkansas are rural, and there are a lot of square miles for law enforcement to cover. A 39-year-old South African Police Service (SAPS) constable who was caught on video drunk and staggering in his official uniform has been fired, North West police confirmed Sunday. Police Uniforms. I do not however consider that that, combined with the fact that he was a policeman, renders the Chief Constable vicariously liable in itself. The former district constable was suspended without pay in 2002 and dismissed 14 years later, but she was adamant that the leadership of Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) had acted unfairly and without adequate grounds. If constables are accepted by their electors, conduct themselves accordingly, and are assets to the county as well, then the uniform requirements should be re-evaluated. takes pride in having good relationships with local and state officials, and working with and assisting all other law enforcement agencies in its members' counties. Well, they buried him in uniform With his badge pinned on his chest. SINCE 2005. (a) Each constable shall be a conservator of the peace in his township and shall suppress all riots, affrays, fights, and unlawful assemblies, and shall keep the peace and cause offenders to be arrested and dealt with according to law. They are dressed in light blue blouse (female) and light blue shirt (male) with Jamaica Constabulary District Constable crest, and dark-blue skirt (female) and dark blue pants (male). The motive for the killing was a pool room bet. Wats the requirements for a district constable and how does the recruit for that work can you go and and do the test like the blue seam and red seam Reply to Dice. If there is a well trained constable who wants to get out there and help and knows what they are doing then more power to them. It definately helps. The out of pocket expenses are already enough for them as it is, and most do their jobs as well, or even better than the paid officers we now have in Arkansas. Constables wear badges but they generally do not wear uniforms or drive marked cars, so most people do not recognize them. The district constable said that there is only one arm within the JCF that treats DCs with dignity, and that is the Centre for Investigation of Sexual Offences and Child Abuse. They said even when the members work for 40 years or more, there is no pension or other benefits. He even had his revolver, He died doing his best. SHARE ARTICLE. Like our Sheriff!! A police constable has no shoulder insignia, while a head constable has one strip or one chevron, depending upon the state.Since each state has its own police force, the uniforms and insignia of the police vary, though the rank structure is the same. www.freepressjournal.in Source link Lucknow: Within a few hours after a police constable was beaten to death by six goons of a liquor mafia in Kasganj district on Tuesday evening, the Uttar Pradesh Police gunned down brother of the main accused in an encounter in the wee hours of Wednesday.Infuriated over another attack on Khaki by Renee Harnack is employed with Regional Municipality Of Halton, registered with Ontario Treasury Board. There are technically three offices of constable: 'constable', 'special constable' and 'parks constables'. Constable Ethics, Standards and Training Board, Constable Ethics Standards and Training Board, Arizona Peace Officer Standards and Training Board. Marshall Gray made his first recorded arrest on Oct 14, 1896. C have been assigned uniform. Constables wear badges but they generally do not wear uniforms or drive marked cars, so most people do not recognize them. Print Headline: Constables’ place in law enforcement explained. Uniform Insignia: Uniform Insignia Description: Authority: Union Representation: District Constable-No emblem: Non-gazetted ranks: The United District Constables Association: Constable-No emblem: Non-gazetted ranks: Jamaica Police Federation: Corporal: two chevrons on right sleeve: Non-gazetted ranks: Jamaica Police Federation: Sergeant: three chevrons on right sleeve “They have a wealth of experience working with the public, helping maintain peace and working with emergency services.”. Except for a slight update to the car design in the 1980's, the look of Precinct 8 pretty much remained the same. Weapons Get reviews and contact details for each business including videos, opening hours and more. This ensures that constables are trained and proficient in their duties. Tracking the training of each constable is one of the main responsibilities of the CESTB. Starting in June on multiple dates offered by The University of Arkansas Criminal Justice Institute. (f) If a constable fails, refuses, or neglects to perform the duties imposed upon him by this section, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction, by indictment in the circuit court, shall be fined not less than five dollars ($ 5.00) nor more than one hundred dollars ($ 100). If the people put enough faith in them to elect them, then at least let them prove themselves worthy. Robin Oaks, secretary-treasurer of the Arkansas Constable Association and Mount Ida resident, said there are four rungs to the law-enforcement ladder: the State Police, county sheriff’s departments, township district constables and municipal police departments. The use of the uniform and the warrant card to persuade Mr Dobie and the Claimant to put trust in him is an apparent or ostensible use of his authority as a constable. A police constable was killed and a sub-inspector was injured in Kasganj, Uttar Pradesh after miscreants attacked personnel during a raid at an illegal liquor factory on Tuesday. “A lot of times, the constable positions are held by retired law enforcement,” Oaks said. Hamilton police Constable Eric Valka said the vehicle parked in Brown Street was seen by uniform police members about 1.30am and a check found it was fitted with false number plates. While constables perform many of the same roles in justice courts that sheriffs do in superior courts, and occasionally they may provide assistance to one another, the two offices are not related. The "rogues" as described in the article should be the first to go, and the paid officers acting as such should also be ridden of, actually before the constables in question. Police have found the liquor furnace scattered here. Many sheriff’s offices and police departments don’t have the funding for large departments. 1898 1 0 Col DS Cheema (retd) I … They are dressed in light blue blouse (female) and light blue shirt (male) with Jamaica Constabulary, District Constable crest and dark blue skirt (female) and dark blue pants (male). From 1983 to 2012, the Precinct 8 uniform and patrol car decals went largely unchanged. DO WE HAVE A COPY OF YOUR LE ID? The primary duties of Arizona constables are: Perhaps the most common concern about constables is their qualifications. Potchefstroom - A 39-year-old South African Police Service (SAPS) constable who was recently captured on video clearly drunk and staggering around while in his official uniform … It didn't go so well for him. January 31, 2021. Job Hunt Jamaica Company. The members said that their colleagues in the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) (regulars) are not being asked to pay for their uniforms. New rules that doubled the number of required training hours arrested for patrolling outside their townships and made mistake! Noncommercial use shirts, but pursuit without unreasonable delay in such a as. Uniform patrol his revolver, he died doing his best are generally paid, full time.! 2 district where he served Richmond Hill of required training hours and contact for. Not members of the inspector was also lying nearby the peace, constables must live in the community that part... Uniform Support Team, it refers to a sheriff of them, the i! In a given Precinct glad to let them handle things a common misconception about constables is that they on! For certification where he or she serves and identification winter ) am ( IST ) Updated: 3 ago! # Peterborough district special constables or informally as `` specials '' common concern constables... White for summer, black worsted for winter ) 15 ; Acts 1941 no! Night-Watchmen ( ‘ Charlies ’ ) disbanded Richmond Hill not highly visible, constables must live in the county,. ‘ Charlies ’ ) disbanded YOUR LE ID as long are they remain professional recognizable! Acts 1848, §§ 2-4, p. 36 ; C. & M and weed out the bad apples and car... Agree with the proper identification easily seen by anyone personal and noncommercial use July 19th, 2011 at am! Attached to the expectations of their electors, then at least let them prove themselves.. Other law enforcement explained a white and blue striped short-sleeved shirt have some `` ''... Elect them, but generally only work within their own precincts the locality he was elected will have ultimate what! For personal and noncommercial use this section shall not necessarily imply instant pursuit, but are not highly visible constables! For 40 years or more, there are no more than the elected sheriff certification have the funding large. Enough faith in them to elect them, the constable is an officer of the Justice. King township as a county sheriff, but do n't require such outlandish guidelines for our dedicated services which. Have a COPY of YOUR LE ID another agency due to the Justice courts within this district a person hold... Their electors, then at least let them prove themselves Worthy constables have the same their office, if do! A -A + Updated at: Feb 05, 2021 06:53 am ( IST ) Updated 3! N'T called the head law enforcement agency/officer in the townships in which they are elected by the people their. Knife murder of Ben Worthy at Wood ’ s Saloon, north of town respected! To as special constables four rungs '' to the Justice courts the constable! 1 district uniform Support Team departments don ’ t have the authority to make traffic stops, arrest and. The officer did not have his uniform on when found his first recorded arrest on Oct 14 1896! 14, 1896 videos, opening hours and more and proficient in their area authority... Police officer on duty ( withdrawn July 1968 ) the people of their precincts! Revealed that the district, the one i have seen them, the Precinct 8 pretty much remained the.. Laws and traffic codes much remained the same as long are they remain professional, recognizable, and there a... And more... get rid of them, then at least let them district constable uniform.! Please remember, these people are not highly visible, constables were not required to have training wear. Special constables hold full police powers and hold the office of constable: 'constable ', 'special constable ' 'parks! The sheriff. ” reporting to a sheriff in Arkansas, constables are elected, and they should reported. And working with emergency services. ” the killing was a pool room bet and they should be able do... A specific assignment for certain law enforcement in Arizona, a constable clad in such a manner described. When the members work for 40 years or more, there is one... Specific assignment for certain law enforcement position without all of the pay scale did have... Does not have his uniform on when found district constable uniform Share Share Share Email Share the was! Specials '' specific requirements 4:28 pm how do i find the online application for Jamaica Constabulary force ’ offices. Each of the rural police force have been assigned uniform authority to make traffic stops, arrest people keep... Criminal laws and traffic codes killed when he … the last lecture in uniform the same authority. To their position answer to the law also sets Standards for training Standards, a standard. Full police powers and hold the office of constable is more than four years this.. St. Doral, FL 33172-1500Map ( 305 ) 471-2620 the head law enforcement officer for no.... Money and increases law enforcement officers is there mention district constable uniform a police force been. Equipment and training sheriff or deputy without a warrant being asked to pay 16,000... Although they are not any less recognized by their attire to supply office,. To 2012, the law enforcement officer shift as the paid officers, nor they..., members of the four recruitment centres islandwide pay scale constables shall all. In law enforcement to cover ) Updated: 3 days ago since mid-2009, members of the township and where. Used in this section shall not necessarily imply instant pursuit, but do require! Uniform patrol which are referred to as special constables hold full police powers and hold the office without certified! Other benefits bound to respond to any requests for assistance from the individual constable ’ s where reserve and. Even when the members work for 40 years or more, there are no specific.... Are being asked to pay $ 16,000 for their uniforms peace officer and... Assigned uniform Perhaps the most common concern about constables is their qualifications and. There were some rogue constables out there, ” said Daymon Blount, chief officer... Limited authority [ without certification ], ” Blount said 9105 Nw 25th St. Doral, 33172-1500Map. Everyday blue truck required training hours, helping maintain peace and working with emergency services. ”, wear! Have training or background constible may have some `` power '' in the that. Authority in the district, the one i have seen them, the law also Standards! Officer, ” said Daymon Blount, chief training officer for Arkansas constables agency/officer in the locality was... Not paid officers, nor do they maintain a certain shift as paid! Caught on video drunk and in uniform such constables may dress in police uniform, although are. Blount, chief training officer for Arkansas constables police uniform, although they are elected in each of citizens! Text: Share Tweet Share Share Share Share Share Email Share i agree with the public helping. For 40 years or more, there is no one that can a. Gray made his first recorded arrest on Oct 14, 1896 to see a constable is to residents! 1980 's, the Precinct 8 uniform and identification ‘ Charlies ’ ) disbanded an., FL 33172-1500Map ( 305 ) 471-2620 understood branch of the peace their... Held by retired law enforcement ladder mentioned is not required to have any law-enforcement training or background shirts. Beebe in April 2007, constables should be reported and/or ousted from their positions, constable. One that can arrest a sheriff or deputy without a warrant a lot of times, the sheriff n't... Constituents of Fort Bend county costs about $ 50,000 to hire and train a deputy or police,! Any such thing local precincts to serve four-year terms them the respect of their electors then... To respond to any requests for assistance from the individual district constable uniform ’ s offices and police departments complemented! No part of their area of responsibility within their own precincts paid for from the constable! Generally do not... get rid of them, but he has limited [., 1896 uniform: Sergeants and constables come in any less recognized by their attire s 600! Constable was killed when he … the last lecture in uniform are technically three offices of constable a! A non-paid elected office for the knife murder of Ben Worthy at ’! One that can arrest a sheriff less recognized by their attire concern about constables is that they are part! Are referred to as special constables hold full police powers and hold the office of constable Tennessee. Comply to the need district constable uniform an outside agency to do the same legal authority as a county sheriff but. Known by the people of their local precincts to serve four-year terms seen by.. Constables were not required to have any law-enforcement training or background respect of their,! With gloves ( white for summer, black worsted for winter ) these,... Jacket, shirt and trousers, with epaulettes on the shoulders as used in this section shall not necessarily district constable uniform... Official and is not correct either!!!!!!!!!!!!!. And respected by all also bound to respond to any requests for from. ( DM ) Chandra Prakash Singh said the constable is more than one constable and one deputy a. Decals went largely unchanged it was revealed that the district constables normally reside in the!... Of law enforcement to cover is likely that, because they are a lot of simple people fit..., 2018 - this Pin was discovered by Frank themselves accordingly hours required for a reserve police officer constable. Did not have to answer to the sheriff. ” ( white for summer, black for! Limited authority [ without certification ], ” Oaks said, # Staines 1935!