In view of all that has been discussed so far, one may understand that IPA is indeed a forward-looking research methodology that has the potential in understanding and interpreting the experiences of people [17,18], because it offers practical and accessible guidelines in conducting phenomenological research [1,19,20]. Nurse Res. NLM However, two broad categories can be identified: descriptive and hermeneutic. Therefore, the emphasis is upon seeking to explore the patterns of unanticipated and expected relationships in cases or phenomena [8,9]. with an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach, the advantageous elements of the study quadruple because of the bonding relationship that the approach allows for the researchers to develop with their research participants. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is concerned with the detailed examination of personal lived experience. In summary, it has been shown from above that even in the presence of solid philosophical foundation; many IPA studies are still conducted badly. Interpretative phenomenological analysis is an approach to qualitative, experiential research that has been gaining in momentum and popularity over the past 10-15 years. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has become a dominant qualitative research methodology in many academic disciplines. The most vigorous criticism of IPA is that the methodology suffers from four major conceptual and practical limitations. An IPA researcher is also said to engage in ‘double hermeneutic’, in that the researcher is making sense of the participants’ sense making. Presentation to the School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sheffield. The next major theoretical underpinning of IPA is hermeneutics, which is the art and science of interpretation or meaning. IPA is a qualitative research approach. IPA is an integrative hermeneutic phenomenology [2] first proposed by Jonathan Smith [3] in a paper that argued for an experiential approach in psychology that could equally dialogue with mainstream psychology. Heidegger argued that the primary concern for existential phenomenologists is to investigate and interpret existence as it is humanly experienced [13]. [1] rebuff this by arguing that the IPA’s prerequisite of sense-making and meaning-making which encompass formal reflection clearly resonates with cognitive psychology. Thus, making sense of the respondents’ narratives requires the IPA researcher to engage in close interpretation, but the researcher may not necessarily be conscious of his/her preconceptions beforehand. Furthermore, as a qualitative research approach, IPA gives researchers the best opportunity to understand The aim of this article is to examine the approach of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and to add to discussions regarding the contribution that the approach can make to healthcare research. Therefore, given that the basis of IPA is the examination of the thing itself; thoughtful focus and the careful examination of experience in the way it occurs to the participants proposed by Husserl is essential [1,2]. It is only by understanding meanings that nurses can influence health behaviour and lifestyles.  |  Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is a distinctive approach to conducting qualitative research being used with increasing frequency in published studies. Phenomenology is an approach began by Edmund Husserl and later developed by Martin Heidegger that seeks to study the lived human experiences and the way things are perceived and appear to the consciousness [1,2,10]. Firstly, IPA like many phenomenological studies gives unsatisfactory recognition to the integral role of language [7]. Consequently, readers who are planning to adopt IPA are advised to take active steps to give voice to the experiences of the participants, followed by sufficient interpretation of their narratives. I have a love / hate relationship with phenomenology in its various forms and applications. Thus, descriptions of the experiences are anchored rigorously to the data without the influence of any external theory. However, it is sensible for readers hoping to use IPA for future projects to note this criticism and take extra attentiveness to collect rich and exhaustive data from participants. Epub 2019 Feb 5. Qualitative research methodologies focus on meaning and although use similar methods have differing epistemological and ontological underpinnings, with each approach offering a different lens to explore, interpret or explain phenomena in real-world contexts and settings. J Adv Nurs. IPA seeks to understand the lived experience by integrating the works of four major phenomenological philosophers: Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Sartre to illuminate phenomenology as a singular and pluralist endeavour existing in a continuum. While there are a number of uses with phenomenological research, you can’t say there aren’t some notable downsides: 1. At the core of his philosophy is a protracted argument about the pivotal role perception plays in understanding and engaging the world [2]. This paper has provided a valuable contribution to our understanding of IPA, future researchers who are motivated in providing interesting and detailed insights into the subjective lived experiences of people [1] might consider IPA as their preferred research methodology. 2019 Jul;10(3):425-434. doi: 10.1007/s12687-019-00406-x. In relation to IPA, the ‘part’ corresponds to the encounter with the participant in a research project, and the ‘whole’ the drawing of knowledge and experience of the researcher [1]. 2018 Jul;74(7):1723-1734. doi: 10.1111/jan.13569. First, each of the six researchers read all of the responses individually to begin to understand the data. It will then go on to introduce the philosophical foundations of phenomenology. Given a scenario or a rocket launch system. & Murray, C. (2010). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) tative phenomenological analysi s (IPA) in their research. greater critical understanding of the assumptions at play in a person‟s lived experience. This particular research method assesses how respondents in the course of an interview make sense of questions and comments raised in relation to events and actions in their lives. Your blog sums up the steps in Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis really well. Secondly, questions have been raised whether IPA can accurately capture the experiences and meanings of experiences rather than opinions of it. The lessons IPA researchers can take from Merleau-Ponty’s work is how he portrays the vital role the body plays in knowing about the world. In that Dasein is thrown into this pre-existing world of people and objects, language and culture, and cannot be meaningfully detached from it. Qualitative inquiries seek to shed light on meanings that are less perceptible. Researchers achieve this by exercising their subjective judgement whilst making it visible how their preconceptions shape the knowledge produced through personal reflexivity in a form of self-analysis and self-evaluation during the research [7,8]. Conducting qualitative longitudinal research using interpretative phenomenological analysis. 2014 Sep;22(1):20-5. doi: 10.7748/nr.22.1.20.e1277. This paper will hopefully equip researchers when deciding on the appropriate research methodology to their research topic. J Adv Nurs. Husserl’s thesis on phenomenology has been criticized by many for being too philosophical, conceptual and difficult to decipher [1]. Although each of these stakeholdersstockholders. 2006 Jul;55(2):215-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03898.x. 2020 Aug 20;19(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s12904-020-00640-y. Bias interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) music education qualitative research: Summary Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has developed internationally into a growing qualitative approach to research in the areas of psychology, health sciences, social sciences, education and also specifically in music education. Narrative analysis is a first-person account by respondents of their experience in relation to a nominated subject. To conclude, the process of thematic analysis, based in a descriptive phenomenological approach, goes from the original data to the identification of meanings, organizing these into patterns and writing the results of themes related to the study aim and the actual context. Its emphasis on convergence and divergence of experiences, as well as its mission in examining detailed and nuanced analysis of the lived experience of small number participants [1], is particularly appealing to many researchers. In Sartre’s view, human nature is more about becoming than being therefore; there is freedom of choice as well as responsibilities for our own actions. If the phenomenological on dissertation interpretative analysis velocity of the photographs. His work also prompts IPA researchers to be reflexive in their interpretation in relation to their fore-understanding of the phenomenon being investigated [1]. Therefore, the researcher assumes a central role in analysis and interpretation of the participants’ experiences [1]. Smith, J.A. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Interpretative phenomenological analysis: a discussion and critique But the criticism could be seen as elitist, suggesting only those having access to the right level of fluency are allowed to describe their experiences. 2:52. doi: 10.4172/2472-1654.100093. The paper begins with a brief overview and rationale for qualitative research approach. It takes great care of each case, offering detailed and nuanced analysis, valuing each case in its own merits before moving to the general cross-case analysis for convergence and divergence between cases [1]. The main theoretical underpinnings of IPA: phenomenology, hermeneutics, idiography [1] is next discussed. The goal of this process is to discover high-level themes that have both meaningful and practical implications. 6 Considering the efficacy of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as a means to reveal teachers‟ implicit theories of learning. This approach is based on the philosophy of Husserl’s phenomenology which involves the principles of epoché, intentional analysis and eidetic reduction. Then followed by the theoretical underpinnings and criticisms of IPA. Researchers are required to carefully follow this idiographic approach throughout the analytic process for a meticulous detailed examination of the convergence and divergence between the participants’ experiences. The relevant literatures on the theoretical underpinnings of IPA are examined. This paper will explore the scope of IPA by presenting the methodological framework and a step-by-step description on how to con-duct an IPA study. Furthermore, four contemporary phenomenological approaches which do not easily fit the Husserlian and Heideggerian or the descriptive-hermeneutic divide have been identified: Life world approaches; first person accounts; reflexive, relational approaches; and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) [2]. Furthermore, Heidegger illuminates that our being in the world presents us with fundamental interpretative situation that compels us to ask questions about our world [10]. Findings from IPA studies can influence and contribute to theory. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) ... obtained and the possible advantages and disadvantages of mixi ng met hods. Mjøsund NH, Eriksson M, Espnes GA, Haaland-Øverby M, Jensen SL, Norheim I, Kjus SH, Portaasen IL, Vinje HF. It enables nurses to reach, hear and understand the experiences of participants. theories of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) and socio-ecological theory were used to discuss the findings of the study. Psychol Psychother. It is therefore emic and idiographic. The key philosophers of this approach are Husserl, Heidegger, Sarte, Merleu-Ponty, Schutz, van den Berg, and two contemporary philosophers: Dahlberg and Ashworth [2]. The approach is inspired by the ideals of Husserl who believes that access to the world is through consciousness as experienced from the first-person perspective. BERA 2009 Research SIG. But, Smith et al. Ljungvall H, Rhodin A, Wagner S, Zetterberg H, Åsenlöf P. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. Methods: A range of literature on qualitative research approach and phenomenology is reviewed. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has become a dominant qualitative research methodology in many academic disciplines. There are many benefits that employees can avail from the flexitime. Phenomenology has attracted growing interest in everyday experience in the domain of public and professional practice including nursing, education, psychology, and social work [10]. Background: Interpretative phenomenological analysis is an approach to qualitative, experiential research that has been gaining in momentum and popularity over the past 10-15 years. 'Like a human being, I was an equal, I wasn't just a patient': Service users' perspectives on their experiences of relationships with staff in mental health services. Smith argues that his idiographic and inductive method, which seeks to explore participants’ personal lived experiences, is These follow the broad philosophical traditions of Husserl and Heidegger, respectively [2]. Therefore, the researcher intuitively seeks to probe the surface meanings by reading in between the lines for deeper interpretation [2]. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. content analysis covering a spectrum of approaches ranging from empirical phenomenological psychology to hermeneutical-phenomenological psychology, depending on the data source (Holloway & Wheeler 1996:2-3; Van der Wal 1999:55). Service user involvement enhanced the research quality in a study using interpretative phenomenological analysis - the power of multiple perspectives. The open-ended questions were analyzed qualitatively, using Nvivo 9, following interpretative phenomenological analysis. Perceptions of patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and their informal caregivers on palliative care as a treatment option: a qualitative study. Yet, the critical unanswered question is whether both the participants and researchers have the requisite communication skills to successfully communicate the nuances of experiences. In the first-person approach, researchers use their own subjective experiences and descriptive or hermeneutic approaches to examine the quality and essences of a phenomenon. Husserl believed that this could be achieved by consciously setting aside our previous knowledge and to detach ourselves from prejudices, prior understandings and our own history [2]. Significantly, Heidegger and Gadamer believed that all understanding assumes an essential element of presumptions and interpretation [15]. A systematic literature review was undertaken to identify published papers in the area of health psychology employing IPA. Anyone can earn It’s not so much about bean-counting and much more about capturing people’s opinions and emotions. Epub 2016 Sep 16. It is a relatively recent approach introduced by Smith in 1996 as he believed that … Pain as an assault on the self: An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the psychological impact of chronic back pain. Furthermore, pure experience advocated by Husserl is elusive and inaccessible because experience is usually witnessed after the event has already happened [1]. Phenomenology has evolved into a relatively mature qualitative research methodology during the last decades of the twentieth century largely due to a seismic shift from mainly deductive quantitative research to inductive research. Its emphasis on convergence and divergence of experiences, as well as its mission in examining detailed and nuanced analysis of the lived experience of small number participants [1], is particularly appealing to many researchers. of both focus groups and analysis of … Early approaches to different conditions are individually neces sary conditions for the compound object. The works of these philosophers complement each other and collectively contribute to a mature, multifaceted and holistic phenomenology. Thus, meaning in his view is indispensable to experience. Thus, research findings are suffused with philosophical, theoretical, literary and interpretative lenses resulting to an aspect of human experience grounded on unrestricted imagination and metaphorical sensibility. Language is not only used for descriptive purposes, but as an expressive force of experience. Moreover, qualitative research can be used to explore less known or less understood topics or phenomenon to help bring to the forefront unexpected knowledge. Heidegger suggested Dasein to represent the unique existence of human beings or literally being there in the world to express the inter-relationship and inter-connectedness of human experience [2,13]. 2020 Jun;93(2):367-386. doi: 10.1111/papt.12218. Data is analyzed inductively to understand the meanings the participants assign to their experiences. Conducting phenomenological research: Rationalizing the methods and rigour of the phenomenology of practice. It was developed by Jonathan Smith, Professor of Psychology, Birkbeck University of London. IPA has been criticized for being riddled with ambiguities as well as lacking standardization [21]. This may be particularly the case when interviewing people about sensitive issues such as mental illness. Or to examine what Heidegger terms as throw-ness. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) is an increasingly popular approach to qualitative inquiry and essentially an attempt to understand how participants experience and make meaning of their world. Ibid. Lifeworld is a descriptive and/or hermeneutic research approach used to explore how everyday experience shows itself in the lifeworld of individuals. The desire to know more about this qualitative research methodology has intensified. Central issues of Satre’s work also covered human freedom and responsibility and the psychology of human action [15]. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA); Phenomenology; Qualitative research. This approach strives to find the intentional relationship between the conscious, social, perceptual, and practical experiences by analyzing time, space, and the taken-for granted presentation of experience. IPA is particularly attractive because of its commitment to explore, describe, interpret, and situate the participants’ sense making of their experiences [1,12]. Meaning in this context is deemed as something fluid that is continuously open to new insight, revision, interpretation, and reinterpretation [1,10]. Thus, Merleau-Ponty suggested that humans are unique and different from everything else in the world, and therefore use their holistic sense to engage with the world. In the case. Context: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has become a dominant qualitative research methodology in many academic disciplines. Furthermore, qualitative research seeks to understand the inside perspectives of the participants from the participants themselves. Exploring NursEs lived Experience of Discussions about Sexual health, with kidney patients in Devon (NEEDS). These approaches can be drawn from any of the major philosophers of phenomenology work, but the works of Gadamer, Gendlin, Levinas and Buber are particularly appreciated because of their dialogical and empirical spirits [2]. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) may be used by the researcher whose research question requires “Participants interpretation of the topic under investigation” (cited in Smith et al, Chapter 15 ` Doing Interpretive phenomenological analysis). IPA allows the researcher to gain a phenomenological account of participant’s experiences. It is important to note this disadvantages occur due to . That said, he acknowledges that certain human complexities require the individual’s life, his biographical history, and the social situation to be taken into consideration. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis 55 Smith-2e-3625-Ch-04.qxd 9/26/2007 8:05 PM Page 55. not to say that IPA is opposed to more general claims for larger populations; it is just that it is committed to the painstaking analysis of cases rather than jump-ing to generalizations. My e-book, The Ultimate Guide to Writing a Dissertation in Business Studies: a step by step assistance contains discussions of theory and application of research philosophy. Objective: This paper is aimed at providing an overview and limitations of IPA. Try to find out as hoped. In reflexive-relational approaches, data and/or meanings are seen to emerge out of the context or dialogue between the researcher and the participant who is regarded as co-researcher in the embodied dialogical encounter. The findings of the study were categorized into four main themes including; knowledge of human trafficking, causes of human trafficking, roles of The notion is that there is a phenomenon out there ready to be explored but requiring the detective work of the researcher to bring it to light using his/her prior experience, assumptions or preconceptions to make sense of the experience once it is revealed [1]. Specific design features of an interpretative phenomenological analysis study. BMC Palliat Care. However, it has methodological limitations and need to be considered. It will also discuss the advantages and challenges of utilizing IPA during the doctoral years. Thus, IPA believes that Heidegger’s concept of appearance of being captures the essence of interpretation well. The first-person approach incorporates concrete narrative descriptions of momentous events with theoretical discussion and/or literary flourish thus, catapulting personal reflection to a detailed and deep analysis that embellishes experiences [2]. 2020 Jan 31;21(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-3055-5. This study has argued that qualitative research in general and IPA specifically offers flexible and versatile approach to understanding people’s experiences. Achieving a greater understanding of experiences in health care and illness can improve service provision. Thirdly, the fact that IPA, like other phenomenological inquiries focuses on perceptions is problematic and limiting to our understanding, because phenomenological research seeks to understand the lived experiences but does not explain why they occur. Critical appraisal of rigour in interpretive phenomenological nursing research. Analysis. IPA is also said to be fundamentally idiographic, in that it is committed to the detailed analysis of a phenomenon under investigation [16]. eCollection 2018 Jul. Though such interest has also contributed to the proliferation of the approach with little consensus of what constitutes the methodology. Thus, through interactive and textual interpretation, hermeneutic theorists utilize their subjective expressions to reconstruct original meanings during textual interpretation. The Cons of Phenomenological Research. J Healthc Commun. IPA has emerged by identifying more strongly with hermeneutic traditions and utilizing the works of Heideger, Merleau-Ponty, and Sartre to explore and interpret personal lived experience of the participants. The e-book also explains all stages of the research process starting from the selection of the research area to writing personal reflection. Heated debates have ensued about the appropriate ways to undertake phenomenological research. Couple interview is one of the qualitative data collection methods that can be utilized in health psychology research designs, such as interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) design. Finally, the assertion that IPA is concerned with cognition exposes it to criticism because some aspects of phenomenology are not compatible with cognition and the role of cognition in phenomenology is not properly understood [7] However, Smith et al. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Objective: This paper is aimed at providing an overview and limitations of IPA. Hough M, Shepherd M, Chauhan R, Powell R, Childs J. Nurs Open. A sharp departure from the above is the ideas from hermeneutic or interpretative approach which is based on the principles that reduction is impossible and thus, rejects the idea of suspending personal opinions in favour of interpretation of experiences. The psychosocial and service delivery impact of genomic testing for inherited retinal dystrophies. The paper concludes by bringing together some thoughts for future researchers who might use IPA as their preferred research methodology. Put simply, the researcher is required to adopt a phenomenological attitude and bracket or put aside past knowledge or presuppositions [2]. Department of Midwifery and Healthcare, College of Nursing, University of West London, UK, Received Date: July 05, 2017; Accepted Date: July 21, 2017; Published Date: July 29, 2017, Citation: Tuffour I (2017) A Critical Overview of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: A Contemporary Qualitative Research Approach. Data sources: Todd, D., Simpson, J. Moreover, the notion that the ultimate human experience can be examined by setting aside pre-conceived knowledge has been dismissed as simplistic and unattainable [13]. Researchers attempt to study things in their natural settings and attempt to make sense of, or interpret the meanings people assign to their experiences in everyday language [5]. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) is an experiential qualitative approach to research in psychology and the human, health and social sciences. Husserl drew a sharp distinction between what is experienced noema and the way it is experienced noesis. The general focus of the descriptive phenomenological approach is to examine the essence or structure of experiences in the way it occurs to our conscious. Heidegger, Gadamer, Ricoeur and Lavinas are the key figures of this approach [1,2]. But the increasingly large quantity of publications that outline the theoretical, methodological and philosophical underpinnings of IPA has been pointed out to the critics [1]. Furthermore, Sartre’s existential phenomenology is about understanding human existence as opposed to understanding the world. To identify core structures and features of human experience, Husserl encouraged the questioning of natural attitude through phenomenological reflection and dissuaded things being taken for granted. IPA is an integrative hermeneutic phenomenology [2] first proposed by Jonathan Smith [3] in a paper that argued for an experiential appro… ... Flexitime Advantages And Disadvantages 1689 Words | 7 Pages. The desire to understand the theoretical underpinnings of this research approach is evident. The approach has its roots in psychology and recognises the central role of the analyst in understanding the experiences of participants. Therefore, the IPA researcher embarks on studying Dasein by immersing himself/herself in the world of the participants through a lens of cultural and socio-historical meanings [14]. Objective: This paper is aimed at providing an overview and limitations of IPA. Though, it is important to bear in mind that IPA is fundamentally a subjective research approach, so two analysts working with the same data may come up with different interpretations [1,22]. Advantages and disadvantages of positivism and phenomenology. Researcher reflexivity and researcher-participant (inter-)subjectivity is celebrated. 2014 Jan;21(3):8-12. doi: 10.7748/nr2014.01.21.3.8.e1226. Experience reveals itself only when it is expressed in poetic, figurative and rhythmic language. Errasti-Ibarrondo B, Jordán JA, Díez-Del-Corral MP, Arantzamendi M. J Adv Nurs. Context: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) has become a dominant qualitative research methodology in many academic disciplines. IPA involves a two-stage interpretation process whereby the researcher attempts to interpret how the participants make sense of their experience. Thus, he linked phenomenological description to the human existent as a bodily being or ‘body-subject’ [15]. IPA is phenomenological in that it wishes to explore an individual’s personal perception or account of an event or state as opposed to attempting to produce an objective record of the event or state itself. Thematic analysis has been poorly branded, yet widely used in qualitative research (Braun & Clarke, 2006), and has been rarely appreciated in the same way as grounded theory, ethnography, or phenomenology.Braun and Clarke (2006) argued that thematic analysis should be a foundational method for qualitative analysis, as it provides core skills for conducting many other forms of qualitative analysis. Versatile design to understand the cultural position of the approach has its in! Theorists utilize their subjective expressions to reconstruct original meanings during textual interpretation, theorists. Scope of IPA is a first-person account by respondents of their experience relation! 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Ipa by presenting the methodological framework and a step-by-step description on how to con-duct an IPA.! A step-by-step description on how to con-duct an IPA study analysis: a range of on... About the appropriate research methodology in many academic disciplines and rationale for qualitative research used. Methodological limitations and need to be considered subjectivity Establishing the reliability and validity of assumptions. That compares and contrasts IPA with other phenomenological approaches science of interpretation or meaning starting from the selection of participants. Following interpretative phenomenological analysis really well a two-stage interpretation process whereby the researcher is to! Of experience of Husserl and Heidegger, respectively [ 2 ] all reserved. Lacking standardization [ 21 ] with little consensus of what constitutes the methodology suffers from four major conceptual practical.